Agriculture

B.Sc. Agriculture Syllabus

Semester II

• COURSE CODE
  COURSE NAME
  CREDITS
• JBAG-201

  Agriculture Meteorology:

  UNIT-I

  Earth atmosphere its composition, extent and structure; Atmospheric weather variables: Atmospheric pressure, its variation with height; Daily and seasonal variation of wind speed and direction.

  UNIT-II

  Cyclones and anticyclones, air masses and fronts; Nature and properties of solar radiation, solar constant, depletion of solar radiation, short wave and thermal radiation, net radiation, albeno, atmospheric temperature – temperature inversion, daily and seasonal variation of temperature balance of earth; atmospheric humidity; concept of saturation, vapour process of condensation, formation of dew, fog, mist, frost, snow rain and hail: precipitation cloud formation and movement.

  UNIT-III

  Agriculture and weather relations: Modification of crop microclimate, use of weather data for irrigation scheduling, pesticides sprays, fertilizer application, climatic normals for crop production

  Practical:

  • 1. Agro-meteorological observatory-its site selection, installation and exposure of instruments, weather data recording.
  • 2. Measurement of total solar radation, short wave and long wave radiation, albedo and sunshine duration, maximum and minimum air temperatures, soil temperature, dew point temperature.
  • 3. Determination of vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction.
  • 4. Measurement of rain, open pan evaporation and evapo-transpiration.
  • 5. Processing, tabulation and presentation of weather data.

  Books:

  • 1. Singh., B.D., Fundamentals of computer
  04
• JBAG-202

  Fundamentals of Horticulture:

  UNIT-I

  Horticulture: its definition and branches; importance and scope; horticultural and botanical classification; climate, soil and distribution of fruit crops; propagation and nursery raising; principles of orchard establishment and management; flower bud differentiation and pollination; causes of unfruitfulness, pollinizers and pollinators; environmental and soil factors affecting vegetable production.

  UNIT-II

  Kitchen gardening; garden types and parts; care and maintenance of ornamental plants; lawn making.

  UNIT-III

  Kitchen gardening; garden types and parts; care and maintenance of ornamental plants; lawn making.

  Practical:

  • 1. Identification of garden tools, horticultural crops.
  • 2. Preparation of seed bed/nursery bed for fruit, crops.
  • 3. Practice in asexual methods of propagation-cutting, layering, budding & grafting,
  • 4. Layout and planting of orchard plants,
  • 5. Training and pruning of fruit trees,
  • 6. Transplanting and care of vegetable seedlings,
  • 7. Making of herbaceous and shrubbery borders and potting mixtures;
  • 8. Potting and repotting.
  04
• JBAG-203

  Fundamentals of Soil Science:

  UNIT-I

  Soil as a natural body and medium for plant growth; soil compounds and soil plants relationship; soil forming rocks and minerals; weathering and processes of soil formation; physical properties of soils – texture, structure, density and porosity, soil colour, consistence and plasticity, soil reaction pH and its measurement, soil acidity and alkalinity, buffering, effect of pH on nutrient availability.

  UNIT-II

  Soil colloids – inorganic and organic; silicate clays: constitution and properties; humic substances nature and properties; ion exchange, cation exchange capacity, base saturation; soil organic matter: composition, properties and influence on soil properties, transformation of organic and inorganic constituents of soil; biological nitrogen fixation.

  UNIT-III

  Recycling of organic wastes in soils – Urban and industrial wastes. Soil water retention, dynamics and availability; soil air composition and dynamics; source, amount and flow of heat in soils; soil temperature and plant growth.

  UNIT-IV

  Soil survey and classification, soils of India; soil pollution – behavior of pesticides and inorganic contaminants, prevention and mitigation of soil pollution.

  Practical:

  • 1. Study of soil as a natural body. Use of soil sampling tools, collection, processing and storage of soil samples.
  • 2. Study of soil forming rocks, mineral's density and porosity.
  • 3. Study of soil texture by feel methods.
  • 4. Study off soil structure, colour and soil map.
  • 5. Capillary rise phenomenon of water in soil column and water movement in soil.
  • 6. Soil reaction measurement by indicators and glass electrode pH meter.
  • 7. Determination of electrical charges on soil colloids and its nutrient retention capacity. Estimation of organic matter content and buffering capacity of soil.
  • 8. Microscopic examination of soil microbes.
  04
• JBAG-204

  Introductory Entomology:

  UNIT-I

  The scope of Entomology, brief history of entomology in India, insects as Arthropods and its relationship and other classes of Arthropoda, origin in insects major points related to dominance of insects in Animal Kingdom.

  UNIT-II

  External morphology and anatomy of grass hopper; body segmentation, integument, thorax and abdomen, antennae, legs and wings and their modifications, generalized mouth parts and their modifications, Alimentary, Circulatory, Excretory, Respiratory, Reproductive and nervous systems, major sensory organs like simple and compound eyes chemoreceptors, endocrine glands; basic embryology and post embryonic development, basic groups of present day insects with special emphasis to orders and families of agricultural importance like Orthoptera; Tetigonidae, Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidae, Acrididae, Dictyoptera; Mantidae, Blattidae; Isoptera; Hemiptera; Pentatomidae; Coreidae; Cimicidae, Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Lophophidae, Aleurodidae; Aphididae; Coccidae; Thysanoptera, Coleoptera. Carabidae, Meloidae, Coccinellidae, Bruchidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Cerambycidae; Diptera; Culicidae Cephritidae, Agromyzidae, Muscidae; Lepidoptera, Pieridae; Papilionidae, Hespirlidae, Sphingidae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, Pyralidae, Saturnidae, Bombycidae; Hymonoptera. Tenthridinidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae, Trichogrammatidae.

  Practical:

  • 1. Collection killing, pinning and mounting of insects,
  • 2. External morphology of grasshopper, typical mouth parts and their modification of antennae, legs, wings and their coupling apparatus, structure of alimentary canal and nervous system, reproductive and other systems in insects,
  • 3. Post embryonic development in insects and basic of insects classification.
  • 4. Basic groups of present day insects with special reference to orders and families of agricultural importance.
  04
• JBAG-205

  Principles of Plant Pathology:

  UNIT-I

  Importance of plant diseases, scope and objectives of plant pathology concept of plant disease, of cause of plant disease, inanimate causes and plant viruses.

  UNIT-II

  Classification of plant diseases. Definition and terms, parasites, pathogens biotrophs, necrotroph, pathogenicity, pathogene is virulence, infection primary infection, inoculum, invasion and colonization, inoculation potential, symptoms, incubation period, disease cycle, disease syndrome, single cycle disease, multiple cycle, single cycle period, multiple cycle disease, alternate host collateral host, predisposition, physiotogicerase biotype, symbiosis, mutualism, antagonism.

  UNIT-III

  History of plant pathology with special reference to Indian work. Pathogenesis and parasitism, Koch's postulate. Effect of pathogenesis on the plants, morphological changes, physiological changes, symptom of plant diseases. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Basic concepts avoidance, exclusion, eraidication, protection, disease resistance and therapy. Methods of plant disease management. Genera morphology, characters of fungi and somatic structure, reproduction of various structure.

  UNIT-IV

  Basic and different methods of classification of fungi, taxonomy and nomenclature. Study of selected genera, Plasmodiophora, spongospora (myxomycota), Synchitrum, Thyseoderma, pythiumphytophthora, albugoselerophthora, periosdocrospora and percnosi on (Mastigomycotina); Taplirina, Erisyph, Claviceps, Sclerotinia (Ascomycocina), Puccinia, Ustillago, CollectotrichumCercospora, Fusarium, Helmilthosporium, Pyricularia, Seletorian. Rhizoctonia. General morphological and cultural characters of prokaryotes (bacteria).

  UNIT-V

  Basic methods of classification taxonomy and nomenclature. Nutrition and effects of physiochemical factor on growth, reproduction and life cycle genetics and variability. General morphological characters, life cycle and reproduction of nematodes, behaviour in soil and nematodes as vectors for other plant pathogens. Classification and general identifying characters of phanerogamic plant parasite reproduction and life-cycle.

  Practical:

  • 1. Acquaintance with various laboratory equipment and microscopy.
  • 2. General study of different structures of parasitic fungal genera, staining and identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, diagrammatic representation,
  • 3. Identification and transmission of plant viruses.
  • 4. Extraction and identification of plant parasitic nematodes, study of phanerogamic plant parasite.
  • 5. Preparation of media, isolation and Koch's postulates and use of chemicals and plant disease control.
  04
• JBAG-206

  Principles of Plant Breeding:

  UNIT-I

  Historical development of plant breeding plant breeding concept, nature and role of plant breeding major achievements and future prospects, genetics in relation of plant breeding, modes of reproduction, self incompatibility and male sterility.

  UNIT-II

  Plant Breeders materials domestication, centers of origin, centers of diversity acclimatization and components of genetic variation and heritability. Breeding methods in self pollinated crops: Introduction, selection pure line theory, multiline varieties, hybridization techniques and handling of segregating populations, Hardy-Weinberg law, Methods of breeding cross pollinated crops. System of mating heterosis and inbreeding depression development of inbred lines and hybrids and synthetic varieties, breeding methods in asexually propagated crops, clonal selection and hybridization.

  UNIT-III

  Polyploidy in relation to plant breeding, mutation breeding methods, uses nature of gene mutation mutagenic agents, induced mutation in plant breeding, breeding for important biotic and abiotic stresses, and use of biotechnology in plant breeding, procedure for release of new varieties.

  UNIT-IV

  Crop systematic, species relationship, floral biology and inheritance of economically important characters, breeding objectives development of varieties with desired yield, adaptability, stability, disease and pest resistance and quality (Physical, chemical, nutritional) and marketing Important varieties along with parentage and characteristics, future thrust area in varietals improvement in crops like wheat, rice, maize, soybean, fieldpea, pigeon pea, urbean and rapeseed mustard, sunflower, groundnut, sorghum, sugarcane, potato, cotton and tobacco.

  Practical:

  • 1. Germplasm of various crops, floral structure and biology of self-pollinated and cross pollinated crops.
  • 2. Self-incompatibility, emasculation and hybridization techniques in self-pollinated crops. Study of variation in segregating population for qualitative and quantitative traits, Methods of calculating mean, range, variances, standard deviation etc. and important designs used in plant breeding experiments.
  • 3. Study of component of genetic variation and genetic advance; heterosis and inbreeding depression, prediction of performance of double cross hybrids comparative study of selection, method.
  • 4. In self-pollinated crops, induction of polyploidy through colchicine and other methods. Induction of mutation through chemical mutagens eg. EMS etc. Germplasm, breeding trials in field and salient feature of the popular varieties of the region of crops viz. wheat, barley, pea, maize, sugarcane, rapeseed, custard, sunflower, oat, potato, urbean and cotton.
  04
• JBAG-207

  Weed Management:

  UNIT-I

  Introduction: Definition, costs to society from weeds, classification of weeds. Ecology of weeds: Reproduction (seed production, seeds essmination, seeds germination, vegetative reproduction), geopraphics, distribution, factors influencing weed distribution, weed succession of uncultivated sites, competition between crops and weeds

  UNIT-II

  Concepts of prevention, eradication and control. Weed control methods: Physical, cultural, biological, chemical, integrated weed management.

  UNIT-III

  Introduction to herbicides: basic concepts, polar vs. Non-polar, Esters, Salts, acids, etc. surfactant chemistry. Factors influencing foliage active herbicides: reaching the target plant, spray retention, absorption into leaf, translocation, factors influencing soil applied herbicides: microbiological effect, soil absorption, photo-decomposition and volatilization, spray of herbicides.

  Practical:

  • 1. Study of common Indian weeds – their characteristics, mode of propagation, occurrence and importance.
  • 2. Techniques of weed collection and preservation, herbicide classification and identification, spray equipment and their calibration, herbicides doses calculations, effect of herbicides on growth and development of crops & weeds.
  • 3. Visit to poolern areas.

  Books:

  • 1. Katayn A., Fundamentals of Agriculture.
  04
• Total Credits
   
  28